THE GODS OF BALINESE HINDUISM (aplikasi bhs english)

CHAPTER I
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

THE GODS OF BALINESE HINDUISM
All the many gods of Bali-Hinduism are merely realizations or manifestations of the holy rays from the one God, Sanghyang Widhi, the omnipotent Supreme Being. In this universal, all-embracing god, all deities and ancestral spirits achieve a higher unity.


Sanghyang Widhi manifests himself to the Balinese in three main forms: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer. This three-in-one embodiment is called the Trisakti, the Holy Trinity. The average Balinese does not utter prayers or make offerings directly to Sanghyang Widhi. Not one of the island's temples, altars, or shrines is dedicated to him. Instead, three-seated temple pedestals enshrine the Trisakti. Before a ceremony temple guardians will decorate the pedestal with bright wraps of colored cloth: red for Brahma, white for Shiva, black for Vishnu. These three powerfully symbolic colors predominate in all religious processions.
In the hierarchy of the divine, below Sanghyang Widhi and the Trisakti, is a multitude of manifestations named and classified in great detail. These protective spirits are closely related to nature. God in his power to create the wind is Dewa Bayu, to create rice he is Dewi Sri, to create the ocean Dewa Baruna. God's gender is indicated by Dewa (male) and Dewi (female).
Most Balinese concentrate their worship on Shiva, God's manifestation as destroyer, since it is he who is most often seen and felt by the people through suffering and sickness. The Balinese believe in taking care of the god first who can destroy you, not the god that creates or preserves you. Appeasing Shiva, as well as the local dewa, will bring prosperity, happiness, and liberation. Though Shiva is often manifested as Surya, the sun, the Balinese are not pagan sun-worshippers. Balinese religious scholars were livid when a full-page ad appeared in Time featuring a group of Kecak dancers on the beach, with a cut-line reading "Bali is still full of half-naked sun-worshippers."
Vishnu, connected with the creation of life, is particularly associated with the irrigation systems that nourish the rice fields. Saraswati is the goddess of learning and knowledge. Shiva's consort is Durga, goddess of death, and ruler of demons, ghosts, and witches. Each god or goddess also has a mount or vehicle for transport. Shiva rides the bull Nandi, while Vishnu flies upon Garuda, a mythical bird.
  Adapted from “Balinese Religion” (www.Balivision.com)
\C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.
1. How many gods does Balinese Hinduism have?
2. Who is Sanghyang Widhi?
3. Explain about the Trisakti
4. What is the obligation of Vishnu?
5. Which god is responsible in creating wind?
D. Grammar Points
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Rumus dari simple present tense adalah “


Kalimat Positif : S + to be + …
Kalimat Negatif : S + to be not + …
Kalimat tanya : to be + S + …?




A. Kalimat Nominal

Kalimat Positif : S + to be + …
Kalimat Negatif : S + to be not + …
Kalimat tanya : to be + S + …?
Contoh Kalimat

+ : She is beautiful
- : She is not beautiful
? : Is she beautiful?
















Semua para dewa orang beragama Hindu di Bali berupa perwujudan atau penjelmaan atau manifestasi /sinar suci ,dimana Tuhan yang  Maha esa disebut dengan Sanghyang Widhi, Dewata dan roh berasal dari nenek moyang mencapai suatu kesatuan lebih tinggi. Tiga manifestasi Ida Sanghyang Widhi dibagi menjadi tiga bagian tiga yaitu : Brahma Pencipta  Vishnu Pemelihara, dan Shiva sebagai pemralina.

 Salah satu dari  Perwujudan Ida Sang Hyang Widhi disebut  Tri Sakti ,  Orang Hindu di  Bali tidak mengucapkan doa atau menghanturkan Banten/sesaji  tidak langsung menghaturkannya kepada Ida Sang Hyang Widhi  baik di tempat suci ,kuil pulau, altar, melainkan dipersempahkan kepada/ melalui manifestasi Beliau. Sebagai ganti(nya), [Sebelum upacara, suatu tempat suci/pura di hias dengan warna warni ;yang merah untuk Dewa Brahma ,yang putih untuk Dewa Siva ,Warna hitam untuk Dewa Wisnu
Di bawah Sanghyang Widhi dan Trisakti, ada banyak lagi penjelmaan/manifestasi dari Sang Hyang Widhi yang lebih detil lagi.kekuatan Sang Hyang Widhi yang berhubungan erat dengan kekuatan alam . kekuatan Sang Hyang Widhi untuk menciptakan angin disebut Dewa Bayu , untuk menciptakan padi/beras  adalah Dewi Sri, untuk penguasa laut adalah Dewa Baruna,sebutan untuk laki adalah Dewa ,wanita adalah Dewi
Kebanyakan Orang Bali memuja Dewa Siva, penjelmaan Tuhan sebagai pemralina , karena hal tersebut paling sering  dilihat dan dirasakan oleh orang-orang melalui penderitaan dan penyakit. Orang Bali percaya  Dewa yang pertama adalah  yang dapat menghancurkan kamu, bukan dewa yang menciptakan atau memelihara kamu.yang akan membawa  kemakmuran, kebahagiaan, dan pembebasan. Dewa Shiva sering disebut Surya/ matahari, Orang Bali bukanlah penyembah berhala . Orang Bali adalah orang  religius . Ketika suatu iklan  penuh halaman meliputi suatu kelompok penari Kecak di  pantai, dengan suatu judul  " Bali masih penuh dengan half-naked sun-worshippers/pemuja Matahari”Dewa Wisnu dihubungkan dengan penciptaan kehidupan terutama iar di bali dihubungkan dengan sistim pengairan/irigasi  , yang memelihara sawah . Saraswati adalah dewi ilmu  pengetahuan Sakti dari Dewa Shiva adalah Dewi Durga, dewi kematian, dan penguasa setan, hantu, dan tukang sihir wanita. Masing-Masing dewa atau dewi juga mempunyai  sarana (kendaraan )  Shiva mengendarai lembu Nandini, sedangkan Dewa  Vishnu terbang dengan burung  Garuda.









B. Vocabulary/Translate to Indonesia
























1.perwujudan                   5.pemujaan
2.pencipta                        6.melindungi
3. prosesi                          7.berhubungan
4. menghindar                  8.penyembah berhala
                             




C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.
6. How many gods does Balinese Hinduism have?
7. Who is Sanghyang Widhi?
8. Explain about the Trisakti
9. What is the obligation of Vishnu?
10. Which god is responsible in creating wind?






1 There are many Gods in Bali
2.Shang Hyang Widhi is the name of God in Hinduism in Bali
3.Tri Sakti is the power of Tri Murti
4.
5 Dewa Bayu is responsibility for the creating wind
D. Grammar Points
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

    Simple Present Tense adalah jenis tense yang dipergunakan untuk menyatakan:

1. suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang menjadi kebiasaan atau peristiwa yang terjadi setiap hari. (Habitual action)
2. Dipergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum (General truth)
Rumus dari simple present tense adalah “




A. Kalimat Nominal

Kalimat Positif : S + to be + …
Kalimat Negatif : S + to be not + …
Kalimat tanya : to be + S + …?
Contoh Kalimat

+ : She is beautiful
- : She is not beautiful
? : Is she beautiful?


+ : They are lazy
- : they are not lazy
? : Are they lazy ?

B. Kalimat Verbal

Kalimat Positif : S + Verb I + (s/es)
Kalimat Negatif : S + Do not/ Does not + Verb I
Kalimat tanya : Do/ Does + S + Verb I ?

Contoh Kalimat

+ : She kicks the ball
- : She does not kick the ball
? : Does she kick the ball?

+ : They punch the bag
- : they do not punch the bag
? : Do they punch the bag?

Dalam kalimat verbal positif yang subjeknya adalah orang ketiga tunggal (third person singular) seperti She, he dan It, maka kata kerjanya ditambah dengan s atau es dengan mengikuti aturan sebagai berikut:
1. umumnya kata dasar ditambah dengan s:
help helps bring brings
join joins take takes
2. kata dasar yang berkahiran dengan ch, sh, ss, o, dan x ditambah dengan es:
attach attaches wish wishes go goes
discuss discusses mix mixes do does
3. kata dasar yang berakhiran dengan y yang didahului oleh konsonan, y diganti dengan I lalu ditambah es:
accompany accompanies amplify amplifies
carry carries fly flies
4. kata dasar yang berakhiran dengan y namun didahului huruf vokal, hanya ditambah s
obey obeys buy buys spray sprays
prey preys pray prays

C. Adverb of Frequency

Never Seldom Occasionally
Now and then every day Every Sunday
Every week Every March In the morning
Often generally frequently
Rarely Normally Always
Steadily Usually

           























                   LET’S PRACTICE: SIMPLE PRESENT  TENSE

A. Ubahlah kalimat ini kedalam Bahasa Inggris dengan tense yang benar
1. Johny pergi ke kolam renang setiap hari minggu
2. Shanty minum teh setiap pagi
3. Rita anak yang pemalu
4. Albert dan Rico selalu pergi bersama
5. Ibu membuat kue setiap hari sabtu
     
                B. Tulislah kembali kalimat berikut dengan benar
1. I (write) a letter and she (write) a poem
2. I (not) like a tart but she (like) it very much
3. My mother (not) cook today
4. You like me (?)
5. She wears a red hat (?)

             C. Vocabulary/Translate to Indonesia








1. Manifestation:………………… 2. Creator……………..
3. Procession…………………….. 4. Shrines……………..
5. Worship……………………….. 6. Preserve……………
7. Appeasing…………………….. 8. Pagan……………….









C. Complete the paragraph by filling the blanks with the correct form of verb!
Stan Dixon is a Shopkeeper. He … in a shop that … shoes. It is a tiring job. Stan … .. up at seven o’clock every day. After breakfast he … to the shop at eight o’clock. He … by bus. The shop … at half past nine. Stan … lunch in nearby cafeteria, at twelve o’clock. Then he …. Until half past five.

Every Sunday Stan … to the mall. He … his best clothes. Stan … like his job. He … another job. Stan … to work outside the office.




                   D. Put the correct form verbs in the correct place!
1. I hate cats, but my mother love cats.
2. John like marry, but Marry do not like john!
3. My cat like fish, and my dogs hate fish.
4. Do she eats breakfast every morning?
5. They eat fried rice every day.
6. Does they like the teacher?
7. They does not like the teacher.
8. Her mother go to the market every Sunday
9. She likes me.
10. The man want some ice tea.

E. Please make questions based on the following facts!
1. John is fishing in the sea.
2. She like ice tea.
3. My father goes to school every day.
4. Her friends like watching TV
5. Some girls like tall boy.
6. 1. Manifestation:………………… 2. Creator……………..
7. 3. Procession…………………….. 4. Shrines……………..
8. 5. Worship……………………….. 6. Preserve……………
9. 7. Appeasing…………………….. 8. Pagan……………….
10.






F. Please write a story about your daily activities based on the following pictures













G. Read the following paragraph and then change the subject Maria, or you can create another name and give the appropriate changes.
The girls finish their classes at noon. They go home for lunch every day. They eat lunch with their mother and father. They usually have soup and a sandwich for lunch. They drink lemonade. They feel refreshed and happy. After lunch they do the dishes. They are glad to help their mother

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Most college students love parties. They listen to records and dance to loud disco music. They are in a food moo. Unfortunately, they sometimes drink too much beer. They get drunk and become noisy. They go to bed very late. The next day they wake up about noon and have a bad hangover. They feel miserable and are in a bad mood.

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E. Additional Exercises

Read. Please read the following selection, think about the answer to these questions: how do animals communicate? Do animals have the capacity to learn language? Read the following selection quickly. Do not use a dictionary. Then do the exercise that follow the reading

Animals Language

For almost as long as we can remember, scientists have wondered if animals actually have language. It seems clear to anyone who has a dog or cat or who closely observes animals that there is certainly communication going on. But how do animals communicate? Recent research find out that animals communicate through different ways, such us; sending smell, body language, vocalization and even symbols.


Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


Many animals produce chemicals called pheromones, which send “smell-messages” to other animals of the same species. These odors have different meanings. One odor attracts a mate. Another sends a warning. Other marks a territory. A honeybee, for example, makes over thirty-six different pheromones to communicate such information as where to find good flowers. When an ant find food and head back to the anthill, he wipes it stomach, which leaves a chemical trail or path so that other ants will know where to go for more food.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Just as human do, animals communicate with body language and sometimes gestures. In addition to using odors, for example, a honeybee uses its entire body in a complex “dance” to give other bees exact direction to flowers. A dog expresses his happiness by wagging his tail. To express anger, for example, a chimp stands upright on two legs, moves with a swagger –a proud walk, swinging from side to side- and waves her arms or throws branches. A nervous chimp who is afraid of a more powerful chimp will lower himself to the ground.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________



Like humans, many animals vocalize, but we are only beginning to understand the meaning of these sounds. As they move through the ocean, some whales make use of echolocation ¬¬¬¬-the ability to make clicking noises in order to locate and identify objects (such as boats) or prey (such as fish) even in cloudy water, where it’s difficult to see. Some whales also produce mysterious “songs.” These are probably calls to communicate with other members of their pod, or group, and to know where each member is. So far, we don’t know much more than that. Research into whale communication is especially difficult because different population of whales have different songs –even if those whales are of the same species.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


Animals have a capacity to understand a system of symbol, such as language Researchers teach dolphins a language of hand signals. The hand signals include nouns (ball, basket, pipe), adjectives (big, small, red), direction (left, right), verbs (go, take) and preposition (in, under). The dolphins prove that they understand by following commands such as “Go to the ball on your right and take it to the basket”. There is even clear evidence that dolphins understand the grammatical difference between subjects and objects. It is clear from the fact that, the dolphins with vocabulary about fifty words, can demonstrate their intelligence by following new commands that they have never before experienced or practiced

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


The famous linguist Noam Chomsky believed that what distinguishes communication from true language is syntax –that is, the use of grammar and word order, so he believed that only humans can have language. However, now we know that some animals (dolphin, chimps) have at least simple syntax. From this, it is clear, then, that animals certainly have language and communicate in various ways.
(Adapted from Kirn and Hartman, in Interaction 2 Reading. 2002)

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


Getting The Ideas. Write T on the lines before the statements that are true, according to the reading. Write F on the lines before the statements that are false. Write I before the statements that are impossible to know from reading.

1. _________ Some animals communicate by producing odors for other      animals     to smell
2. _________ Chimpanzee make clicking noises to identify objects
3. _________ We know a lot about the communication of whales
4. _________ The same species of whale have the same “song”
5. _________ Dolphins can understand only sentences that they have memorized
6. _________ Chimps can understand much more vocabulary and grammar than researcher now realize
7. _________ Noam Chomsky agree that animals have language because they have capacity to understand syntax
8. _________ a dog wagging his tail to show happiness

Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “Animal Language” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear

1. a place where ants live (2) ______________________
2. path or “road” (2) _____________________________
3. Straight up; standing on two feet (3) _____________________
4. Move proudly, from side to side (3)__________________
5. A method of locating objects or prey by producing noise(4)  _______________
6. Group of whales (4)__________________
7. The use of grammar and word order(6) ________________
8. Return (2)________________
9. Moving a tail(3) ___________________
10. Animal that another animal hunts for food (4)_______________

Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. Please identify which one is thesis, argument, and conclusion
2. Do animals communicate? How?
3. What does a chimp do to express anger?
4. Why it is difficult to have research into whale communication?
5. How do the researchers teach dolphin a system of symbol?
6. Can dolphins understand a new command, which include the vocabulary they already know?
7. Why do the researcher conclude that dolphin understand syntax?
8. What is Chomsky’s belief?





















CHAPTER II
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

BALINESE OFFERINGS
Fire, water, and flowers are the basic components of all offerings; additional items are given according to one's profession and wealth, and the season in which they're made. No matter what the offering, it must be of the finest ingredients and ritually cleansed before being placed. The variety is mind-boggling, in countless designs and styles.
Some offerings may even be as simple as a few grains of rice placed on a banana leaf.  Once you know what to look for, you begin to see offerings everywhere-in rice fields, yards, trees, and temples. Three-meter-long palm-leaf panels and scrolls, a captivating cili figure with fan-shaped headdress and long, graceful arms. Spectacular, colorful gebogan or banten tegeh are enormous towers of up to three meters, embellished with glass, paintings, roast ducks or chickens, suckling pigs, pig entrails, garlands of white 'cempaka', and fragrant yellow jepun blossoms. They're carried on the heads of women to the temple, blessed by the pemangku and sprinkled with holy water.
Gods and goddesses, who protect or threaten every act performed by a person during his or her lifetime, inhabit stone thrones and statues or simply hover in the air. Gods are often invited down to visit earth and are gorged with offerings and entertained with music and dance, but eventually they must go back home because they're too expensive to maintain. The Balinese always try to stay on the good side of all the forces. If the spirits are kept happy, the people can relax and even grow lighthearted. Children carry flowers to shrines and learn to dance at an early age to please the gods and the raja.
  Adapted from “Balinese Offerings” (www.Balivision.com)



B. Vocabulary











C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.

1. What are the basic ingredients of Balinese offerings?
2. Who blessed the offering?
3. What are the bases of additional components of an offering
4. Who brings the offering to the temple?





D. Grammar Points
SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dipergunakan dalam kalimat dengan tujuan untuk menyatakan sebuah kejadian yang berawal, terjadi, dan berakhir pada waktu lampau sebelum waktu berbicara.

Perubahan To be Present menjadi To be Past
Name Pronouns/ Kata Ganti Orang To be PAST
Andi I                    (saya) Was
John You              (kamu) Were
John and Andy They             (mereka) Were
John and I We                (kita/kami) Were
Marry Alice She                (perempuan) Was
John Cossack He                 (laki-laki) Was
The Dog It                  (benda/hewan) Was









Kalimat nominal
( + ) = S + To be + Complement
( - )  = S + To be not + Complement
( ? ) = To be + S + Complement

Contoh Kalimat
( + ) = She was happy
( - )  = She was not happy
( ? ) = Was she happy?
Kalimat Verbal

( + ) = S + Verb II + O + Complement
( - )  = S + Did not + Verb I + O + Complement
( ? ) = Did + S + Verb I + O + Complement

Contoh Kalimat
( + ) = She killed the man
( - )  = She did not kill the man
( ? ) = Did she kill the man?
Regular Verbs
Regular verbs adalah kata kerja dasar yang diubah menjadi kata kerja bentuk lampau ( bentuk II) dengan menambahkan d atau ed. Contoh:
Smile Smiled Arrive Arrived Agree Agreed
Invite invited Cry cried try tried
Study Studied Stop Stopped Plan          Planned
Occur Occurred Prefer preferred Want           Wanted
Count counted need needed decide           decided
AnswerAnswered play played open opened
Aturan Pengejaan (penulisan)
1. Kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf e ditambah hanya dengan d, misal:
Smile Smiled Arrive Arrived
Agree Agreed Invite invited
2. Kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan y, dan didahului oleh konsonan, ubah y menjadi I lalu tambahkan ed, misal:
Cry cried try tried Study Studied
3. kata kerja yang terdiri atas satu suku kata yang berakhiran dengan satu vocal lalu diikuti konsonan dan mendapat penekanan, atau terdiri atas 2 suku kata dan berakhiran dengan vocal diikuti konsonan yang diberi tekanan, maka konsonan diakhir kata digandakan dan ditambah ed
Stop Stopped Plan          Planned
Occur Occurred Prefer preferred
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Ubahlah kalimat dibawah ini menjadi past tense
1. I open the window 6. I work hard
2. He wash the car 7. The study hard
3. You walk home yesterday 8. She invites her
4. I attend the class 9. Roy return home
5. He finish the homework 10. I call him
Exercise 2. Ubahlah kalimat ini menjadi kalimat Past tense yang benar
1. John is sick
2. She opens the car door
3. My father plant a tree.
4. Her friends are happy
5. Marry invites Jackson to her house yesterday

Exercise 3.Ubahlah kalimat ini menjadi kalimat Past tense negative
1. John is sick
2. She opens the car door
3. My father plant a tree.
4. Her friends are happy
5. Marry invites Jackson to her house yesterday

Exercise 4.Ubahlah kalimat ini menjadi kalimat Past tense interogative
1. John is sick
2. She opens the car door
3. My father plant a tree.
4. Her friends are happy
5. Marry invites Jackson to her house yesterday

Exercise 5.Ubahlah kalimat ini menjadi Past Tense
1. Johny belajar kemarin.
2. John membuka jendela
3. Marry berangkat pukul sembilan
4. Chung menghadiri kelas bahasa inggris
5. Janet menendang kucing besar itu

SIMPLE PAST TENSE WITH IRREGULAR VERBS
Irregular verbs adalah sejumlah kata kerja dasar yang diubah menjadi kata kerja bentu lampau (Verb II), tanpa penambahan e atau ed, tetapi dengan perubahan ejaan atau pengucapan yang tidak terikat peraturan tertentu. Dalam bahasa inggris setidaknya ada dua ratus lebih irregular verbs. Berdasarkan pada perubahan vokalnya maka irregular verbs dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu:


1. Irregular Verbs Dengan Vocal Yang Tidak Berubah, sehingga bentuk keduanya persis seperti bentuk pertamanya. Misal:

Verb I Verb II Arti Verb I Verb II Arti
Hit Hit Set Set
Quit Quit Hurt Hurt
Bet Bet Cut Cut
let let Shut Shut
put put Cost cost

2. Yang kedua adalah Irregular Verbs Dengan Susunan Vocal Yang Berubah Misalnya:
Verb I Verb II Arti Verb I Verb II Arti
Come Came Do Did
Take Took Go Went
Wake up Woke up Leave Left
Eat Ate Get Got
See Saw Sing Sang
Have Had Write Wrote
Make Made Buy Bought
Bend Bent Give Gave
Build Built Hold Held
Bring Brought Know Knew
Burn burnt/burned Meet Met
EXERCISE
1. Ubahlah kalimat ini menjadi kalimat past tense yang benar
1. I take the bus to school everyday
2. I wake up at six o’clock everyday
3. I eat breakfast at seven everyday
4. I see marry everyday
5. I have my classes everyday
6. I do my homework everyday
7. I go to the library everyday
8. I leave the house in the morning everyday
9. I get back to the campus at noon everyday
10. I visit my girlfriend every day

2. Buatlah bentuk negative dari kalimat-kalimat berikut ini
1. Surya withdrew his money in the bank
2. Rissa wanted to go to the bank
3. Marry and I made the tree house  together
4. Alice knew about the interest
5. The manager wanted to see the vault
6. Ronny and Shanty opened a joint account
7. My computer was cleaned from virus
8. The ATM machine was out of order
9. The security had a gun
10. Johan chose the safe deposit box

3. Buatlah bentuk interrogative dari kalimat dibawah ini
11. Surya withdrew his money in the bank
12. Rissa wanted to go to the bank
13. Marry and I made the tree house  together
14. Alice knew about the interest
15. The manager wanted to see the vault
16. Ronny and Shanty opened a joint account
17. My computer was cleaned from virus
18. The ATM machine was out of order
19. The security had a gun
20. Johan chose the safe deposit box


4. Based on the following pictures, tell your friends what happened to Gogon yesterday.


























5. Read the following paragraphs (these paragraphs are in the simple present tense) and then change the subject into Yogi for the first paragraph and Toni and Diah for the second paragraph. The tense used is simple past tense. Remember to change the adverb of time.

Everyday I wake up at 6 o’clock in the morning. I make my bed for about fifteen minutes. Then I take a bath in the bathroom. After that, I get dress and wear my uniform. My mother prepares my breakfast before I go to school. So I have my breakfast for about twenty minutes. 25 minutes later I arrive at school. When the teacher comes to the class, I am ready with my books.

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Ani is late today. She arrives at school at 7.30. She is very afraid to knock the classroom door. Mr. Hadi doesn’t know that there is still a student outside the classroom. He continues explain his lesson until the break time. When he get out from the classroom he see Ani stands outside the classroom. Then he asked her. She says that she is late and afraid to knock the door. Mr. Hadi smiles and advises her not to be like that again.

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E. Additional Exercises
Read. Read the following reading selection without using dictionary

Global Travel and Beyond

When many people think about global travel, they think of expensive cruise ships and hotels or sightseeing tours to famous places. However, global travel has changed a lot in recent years. Now, not all travel is expensive, so lack of money doesn’t have to hold people back. And these days there is an enormous variety of possibilities for people of all interest, such as adventure, fun, education, getting inside another culture, ecotourism, volunteering and even studying abroad

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Train travel used to be simply a means of getting from one place to another, Now, for people with money, it can also offer education and adventure. The Trans Siberian Special, for example, is a one-week tours that runs from Mongolia to Moscow. The train stops in big cities and small villages so that passenger can go sightseeing, and there is a daily lecture on broad the train, in which everyone learns about history and culture.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

For people who are looking for fun and adventure, there is the Mystery Express, which runs from New York to Montreal, Canada. The trip interest people who love Sherlock Holmes, Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. Its for people who always have secretly dreamed of being a private eye and solving mysteries. The passenger on broad have the opportunity to solve a murder mystery right there on the train. Of course, no real crime takes place. The “murderer” ad several passengers are actually actors.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Ecotourism is now considered increase since 34 percent of all international travel is now nature travel. Serious ecotourists are interested in preserving the environment and learning about wildlife. Most also want to experience a new culture. Although it is possible to be very comfortable on an ecotour, many travelers choose to rough it; they don’t expect hot shower, clean sheets, gourmet food, or air-conditioned tour buses. They live as villagers do. They get around on bicycle, on foot (by hiking or trekking) or on the water (on the sailboat or river raft).


Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

For people who want a valuable experience abroad, there are exciting opportunities to study or volunteer. You can study cooking (for one day or eleven weeks) at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris or Learning Indonesian music at the Naropa Institute in Bali. But for those who don’t have a lot of money for tuition, volunteering for a few weeks can also offer a rich learning experience. Scientists in  Costa Rica, for example, need volunteers to help count sea turtles and check their health. Voluteering offers the chance to learn while helping out

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


Travelling and learning another culture of another country is very interesting. But how can a person get to another country cheaply?. I can recommend you two alternatives; being a courier travel or being a passenger of a freighter. For a low fee (about $ 35), a person can join an association that sends information about monthly courier opportunities. The passenger agrees to become a courier (i.e., carry materials for a business in his or her luggage) and can then receive huge discounts on airfare –for example, $400 Miami-Bunos Aires round trip or $300 L.A. – Tokyo round trip. People who enjoy ocean travel but don’t have money for a cruise shipmight try a freighter. Although freighters carry cargo from country to country , most also carry eight to twelve passenger.
                   (Adapted from Kirn and Hartman, in Interaction 2 Reading. 2002)

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Getting The Ideas Write T on the lines before the statements that are true, according to the reading. Write F on the lines before the statements that are false. Write I before the statements that are impossible to know from reading.

1. _____ There are now group tours for people with a variety of interest
2. _____ Train travel that serves adventure is more expensive that train travels that serve daily lecture
3. _____ The Mystery Express allows passengers to solve a real murder on the train
4. _____ The train travel is now used simply as a means of getting passengers from one place to another
5. _____ Ecotourism is for people who are interested in nature
6. _____ Most ecotourists want to experience another culture
7. _____ Ecotours are usually comfortable
8. _____ Volunteering can offer a rich learning experience for people who can’t afford tuition for classes
9. _____ A courier travel receive a huge discounts on air fare
10._____ It is impossible to go to another country cheaply

Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “Global Travel and Beyond” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear

1. seeing the sight of a place (1)____________
2. Very large; greatly (1) ____________
3. Talk given for the purpose of teaching (2)
4. Detective; person who investigates crime (3) ____________
5. Nature travel (4) ___________
6. Tourists who interested in preserving nature (4) _______________
7. Keep in an unchanged condition (4) _______________
8. Chance to do something (5)______________
9. Ships that carry cargo (6) ______________
10. Person who carry materials for a business in his or her luggage (6)                                         .            __________

Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the text mainly about?
2. Please identify which is thesis, argument, and recommendation?
3. What is the most suitable travel for people who love nature?
4. Can we studying something in another country for a temporary period?
5. What does volunteering offer to us?
6. How can a person go abroad cheaply?

CHAPTER IIi
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

BESAKIH TEMPLE
Pura Besakih the biggest and holiest of all the temples in bali located in Karangasem Regency, on the slope of the Agung Mountain. It originated most probably as a prehistoric terraced sanctuary where worship and offerings were made to the god of Gunung Agung, the dominant landscape element in the Balinese world. Over a thousand years and more, it was enlarged and added to until it grew into the present complex of about 30 temples.
In the 10th century it was apparently a state temple. According to inscriptions kept here, an important event took place in the year 1007. If can only be guessed that this was associated with death rituals for Queen Mahendradatta, Udayana's co-ruler who died the previous year. Since the 1 5th century it was the state temple of the Gelgel-Klungkung dynasty which built a series of small temples in honor of its deified rulers. Now it isthe state temple for the provincial and national governments which meet all expenses. Today, Pura Besakih is revered by all Balinese as the "mother temple" of Bali.
 Within the Besakih complex, the paramount sanctuary is the Pura Panataran Agung which rears its lofty merus on a high bank of terraces, Steps ascend in a long perspective to the austere split gate. Inside the main courtyard stands the three-seated shrine enthroning the Trisakti, the trinity of Brahma, Visnu and Siwa, During festivals the shrines are wrapped in colored cloth symbolic of the deities. The Pura Panataran Agung and two other important temples higher up the slope likewise together symbolize the Trisakti. In the center Pura Panataran Agung is hung with white banners for Siwa; to the right, Pura Kiduling Kreteg with red banners for Brahma; and Pura Batu Madeg, to the left, with black banners for Visnu. These latter two temples are taken care of by the Karangasem and Bangli regencies respectively, certain other shrines being the responsibility of the other regencies. All of Bali comes together at Pura Besakih. Religiously, oneness is symbolized in the padmasana in Pura Panataran Agung, dedicated to Sang Hyang Widdhi, the Supreme God.
  Adapted from “Besakih Temple” (www.Balivision.com)
B. Vocabulary










C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.

1. Where is Pura Besakih located?
2. What ritual happened in around 1007 AD?
3. Since when does Pura besakih become the state temple of Gelgel?
4. Explain about the paramount sanctuary?
5. What temple situated to the left of Pura Penatara Agung?k


D. Grammar Points

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Simple Future Tense adalah jenis tense yang dipergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan terjadi dimasa depan setelah waktu berbicara.
Rumus dari Simple Future Tense adalah “

Kalimat Positif : S + Shall/Will +V+ O+C
Kalimat Negatif : S + Shall/Will + not +V+ O+C
Kalimat tanya : Shall/Will + S + V+ O+C +?

Contoh Kalimat
+ : He will open the restaurant tomorrow
- : He will not open the restaurant tomorrow
? : Will he open the restaurant tomorrow?

Adverb Used
Tomorrow Next Saturday
The Next day The day after
Next Week The day After Tomorrow




EXERCISE
1. Ubahlah kalimat ini menjadi kalimat Future tense yang benar
1) I take the bus to school tomorrow
2) I wake up at six o’clock next week
3) I eat breakfast at seven tomorrow
4) I see marry next saturday
5) I have my classes next month
6) I do my homework tomorrow night
7) I go to the library the day after tomorrow
8) I leave the house tomorrow morning
9) I get back to the campus at noon tomorrow
10) I visit my girlfriend next Saturday night

Exercise 1
•         Fill in the right form of the present simple, future continuous or future perfect simple.
1. The Quiz Marathon (begin) ____________________________ in five minutes.
 (It / be) ____________________________ a big test for World Quiz Champion,
 Claude Jennings, (who / answer) ____________________________ questions from a group of quiz writers.
2. As usual, the presenter (give) ____________________________ last-minute instructions.
3.  Claude (answer) ____________________________ the questions for a very long time.
 In fact, (he / still / give) ____________________________ answers
 when the rest of us (be) ________________________ in bed tonight.
4. Claude hopes that after 24 hours (he / reply) ________________________ to about seventeen thousand questions.
5. No meal breaks are planned, so (he / not / eat) ________________________ anything.
 If all goes well, his name (be) ________________________ in the next Guinness Book of Records.
6. Claude has also got a number of sponsors, and by tomorrow
(he / earn) ________________________ at least £ 10’000 for charity.
7. Well, (we / return) ________________________ this afternoon for more news of how Claude is getting on.
8. We think that by then (he / get) ________________________ some way past the five thousandth question.
Exercise 2
• What do these people say? Pay special attention to the underlined words.
► Example: Tom is foretelling a win for ManU in their next game.
Tom: United will win their next game.
1.      Andrew intends to get up early tomorrow.
Andrew: I ________________________ early tomorrow.
2.      Vicky’s timetable says ‘Arrival 10.30’.
Vicky: The train  ________________________ at 10.30.
3.      Daniel has made an appointment to see his bank manager tomorrow.
Daniel: I ________________________ my bank manager tomorrow.
4.      The teacher promises to give his students some more examples next week.
Teacher: I ________________________ you some more examples next week.
5.      There is a crowd of football supporters with lots of beer gathering in the station square.
Reporter Kitty Beamish expects trouble.
Kitty: There   ________________________.
6.      Rachel is still here, but she won’t be here much longer.
Rachel is about ________________________ out.
E. Additional Exercises


Read. As you read the following selection, think about the answer to this question: What are some ways in which work is changing? Read the following selection quickly. Do not use a dictionary. Then do the exercises that follow the reading

Changing Career Trends

A hundred years ago in most of the world, people didn’t have much choice about the work that they would do. If their parents were farmers, they became farmers. The society  -and tradition- determined their profession. Twenty years ago in many countries, people could choose their livelihood. They also had the certainty of a job for life, but they usually couldn’t choose to change from one employer to another or from one profession to another. Today, this is not always the case. Career counselor tell us that the world of work is already changing fast and will change dramatically in the next twenty- five years


Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Increasingly, people need to be prepared to change jobs several times in their lifetime. The situation varies from country to country, but in general there is less job security worldwide. In Europe, the unemployment rate is 10 percent, and many people have to accept part time job while they wait to find full-time employment. The united states has the fastest-changing job market. In 1994, 6 million Americans quit their jobs to take a different post. In 1999, the number rose to 17 million. Even in Japan, where people traditionally had a very secure job for life, there is now no promise of a lifetime job with the same company.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


On the surface, it may seem that lack of job security is something undesirable. Indeed, pessimists point out that it is certainly a cause of stress. Many people find an identity -a–sense of self- through their work. When they lose their job, they also lose their self-confidence, or belief in their own ability. This causes worry and depression. In Japan, for example,  the daily newspaper Asahi reports a sudden rise in the number of bussinesman who need psychological help for their clinical depression. However, this decrease in job security may not necessarily be something bad. It is true, that these days workers must be more flexible –able to change to fit new situation. But optimists claim that flexible people are essentially happier, more creative, and more energetic than people who are rigid.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Jumping from  job to job  (or “job hopping”) has always been more common in some profession such as building construction and net very common in other professions such as medicine and teaching. Today, job hopping is increasingly common in many fields because of globalization, technology, and a movement from manufacturing to services in developed countries. For example, people with factory jobs in industrial nations lose their jobs when when factories move to countries where the pay is lower.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


Job hopping can be experienced by anyone. Moreover, since technology changes fast, workers need continuing education if they want to keep up with the field. People need to upgrade their skills to find a new job. This is stressful but it is worth doing.
           (Adapted from Kirn and Hartman, in Interaction 2 Reading. 2002)


Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________



Getting The Ideas Which statement are true about work today, according to the reading? Check ( ) them.

1. ______ People probably need to be prepared to change jobs several times in their lifetime.
2. ______ Japan is one country where people keep the same job for a lifetime
3. ______ Lack of security is always a bad thing
4. ______ People who can change to fit a new situation are usually happier than people who can’t
5. ______ Many people find a sense of self through their work
6. ______ People in some profession move from job to job more often than people in other profession.
7. ______ Technology is making work life better for anyone.
8. ______ the children will always follow their father’s step
9. ______ People could choose their livelihood
10. ______ Teachers can’t change their job

Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “Changing Career Trends” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear.

1. People who give advice about profession, careers (1)___________
2. The feeling that a worker will never lose his or her job (2) _________
3. Percentage people without jobs (2)______________
4. Something that we don’t expect (3)_____________
5. Changing from one job to another (4)________________
6. Profession; jobs (1)_______________
7. Be anxious about something (3) _________
8. Strict; not changing, cannot be bent (3) ____________
Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the text mainly about?
2. Please identify which is thesis, argument, and recommendation?
3. Why the writer offers such recommendation?
4. Please identify the way work changing
5. What is the optimists’ opinion about the decreasing of job security?
6. Why is Job hopping increasingly in many fields?
7. What do the workers should do if they want to keep up with their profession?
8. What does the report on daily newspaper in Japan, Asahi reflect?






















































CHAPTER IV
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

TRADITIONAL TOOTH FILING CEREMONY IN TODAY'S BALI
A small army of Balinese, dressed in traditional sarongs and headdresses and sporting walkie-talkies and lighted batons, have been deployed to direct traffic. From behind barricades that warn -- ""be careful- religious ritual"" -- they wave cars of arriving guests through the gates of a lavish home.
Stepping out of expensive sedans and passing beneath banners painted with sacred symbols and messages in Sanskrit, the guests are dressed expensively. Wearing silks and brocades with heavy gold sparkling from wrists and ears and mobile phones hanging importantly from ceremonial sashes about their waists, they form a virtual parade of wealth and style.
After being greeted at the door with a palms together gesture and a solemn om swastiastu (peace be with you), the host invites the guests to be seated in a forest of rented chairs. Musicians and dancers entertain the guests until time for the ceremony.
As the priest finishes reciting his mantras and the gamelan orchestra fades to silence, the head of the family picks up a portable microphone and steps to the front of the crowd. Speaking in most refined Balinese, he gives a formal speech of thanks to the guests, and introduces his children, carefully stressing their titles: Engineer MBA, Doctor MPH, Lieutenant Colonel MSc.
He explains that this traditional tooth filing ritual, which his children are about to experience, is a sign of the continuing vitality of Balinese culture, and ends by inviting the guests to enjoy the lavish buffet that has been prepared by one of Bali's best caterers, complete with traditional roast suckling pig and European ice cream.
According to the anthropology books, tooth filing - metatah in Balinese or potong gigi in Indonesian - is one of the most important of the manusia yadnya, rituals that mark the transition from one stage of life to the next. By filing down the pointed canine teeth, which symbolize coarse animal passions, the ritual is supposed to rid humans of the sad ripu or six destructive desires: loba, or greed; kama, or lust; krodha, or anger; mada, or drunkenness; moha, or confusion; and matsarya, or jealousy.
Spiritually strengthened against such vice and temptation, the person whose teeth have been filed can then take his proper place in the adult community, helping to ensure a harmonious Balinese society.
Because tooth filing is so important, not only to an individual's character but to a smoothly functioning cultural whole, no parent would consider letting their children grow to adulthood with unfiled teeth.
For those who lack the material means to arrange an expensive ritual, Balinese Hinduism offers three categories of ceremony: nista, the small scale; madya, the medium scale; and utama, the most elaborate scale, any of which is said to be sufficient in the eyes of God.
But tooth filing - like most things Balinese - seems to be changing with the times. In contemporary Bali, rituals are not simple, serious ceremonies intended to engender traditional values and create appropriately cultured members of society, but comparative events, which communicate new divisions of wealth, status and outlook.
  Adapted from Traditional Tooth Filling Ceremony “The Jakarta Post” (www.thejakartapost.com)

B. Vocabulary










C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.
1. Why do we need to file our teeth?
2. What is Sad Ripu
3. Explain about the three categories of yadnya!
4. What does metatah symbolizes?

D. Grammar Points

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
Present Continous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dipergunakan dalam kalimat dengan tujuan untuk menyatakan sebuah kejadian yang sedang terjadi, pada  waktu berbicara. Selain itu dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang bersifat sementara, misalnya I am listening to the radio. Serta dapat juga dipergunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang akan terjadi pada masa yang akan datang, misal she is coming tonight.



Varian Rumus
( + ) = S + To be + Verb I+ ing
( - )  = S + To be + not + Verb I+ ing
( ? ) =  To be  +  S + Verb I+ ing ?
Contoh Kalimat
( + ) = She is singing
( - )  = She is not singing
( ? ) = Is she singing?

Kata kerja yang tidak boleh menggunakan + ing
1. kata kerja yang melukiskan perasaan seperti
like dislike refuse want
2. kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan indera:
hear see smell taste notice
3. kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan pikiran atau perasaan
believe forget prefer remember expect
know realize
4. kata kerja yang menunjukkan kepunyaan
owe own belong





Perubahan- ing
1. pada umumnya present participle (Verb I + ing) dibentuk dengan menambahkan ing pada kata kerja dasar
bring bringing
stand standing
watch watching
go going
2. kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf mati dan bersuku kata satu yang didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup maka huruf yang akhir digandakan dan ditambah ing
beg begging
drag dragging
dam damming
3. kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf mati dan bersuku kata dua yang tekannannya jatuh pada suku kata terakhir serta didahului huruf hidup, maka huruf mati yang terakhir digandakan dan ditambah ing
Kidnap kidnap
Defer deferring
Debar debarring
4. Kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf “L” yang didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup maka “L” digandakan lalu ditambah ing
Bedevil bedeviling
Impel impelling
5. Kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf “L” yang didahului oleh dua huruf hidup maka “L” tidak digandakan hanya ditambah ing
Bewail bewailing
Mail mailing
Boil boiling
6. Kata kerja yang berakhiran “E” yang didahului oleh huruf mati maka huruf “E” dihilangkan lalu ditambah ing
Abase abasing
Advise advising
Advance advancing
7. Kata kerja yang berakhiran dua huruf “E” maka langsung ditambah ing
Free Freeing
Flee Fleeing
8. Kata kerja yang berahiran “E” tetapi didahului oleh “I” maka huruf “IE” tersebut diganti dengan “Y” lalu ditambah ing
Lie Lying
Tie tying

EXERCISES
A. Put the correct form of be and change these sentences into present continuous
Model : I eat the cake
 I am eating the cake now
1. I take the car to school
2. I wake up at six o’clock
3. I listen to the radio
4. I talk to  marry
5. I have my classes
6. I do my homework
7. I go to the zoo
8. I leave the castle
9. I get back to the campus
10. I visit my grandfather

B. Ask questions about the following activities, one student will ask, while the other will answer
Model: A: What are you doing now? (sleeping)
B: I am sleeping now
1. Watching TV 5. Eating sandwich
2. Speaking English 6. Looking at the teacher
3. Sitting down 7. Sleeping now
4. Smoking a cigarette 8. Reading a book

C. Ask questions based on the following answers
Model: A: I am studying something (what)
B: What are you studying?
1. I am reading something (what).
2. I am talking to someone (who)
3. I am going somewhere (where)
4. I am leaving soon (when)
5. I am working this afternoon (when)
6. Bob is wearing this afternoon (when)
7. She is carrying something (what)
8. He is coming tonight (when)
9. He is watching TV (what)
10. They are fishing (what).
D. Change the following sentences into English
Model: saya sedang makan
            I am eating
1. saya sedang menonton televisi
2. saya sedang mengendarai sebuah mobil
3. Marry sedang menulis buku harian.
4. kucing itu sedang mencuri seekor ikan
5. anjing besar itu sedang menggonggong
E. Additional Exercises

Read. Read the following reading selection without using dictionary

Home Remedies Even Doctors Use
More and more studies are finding that certain foods, spices, and othe household staples provide effective relief from common health problems. In fact, many physicians, concerned about the overuse of antibiotics and trend toward treatment overkill for even minor medical problems, are recommending these simple cures. And patients are more than willing to give them try, considering today’s soaring medical costs and shrinking insurance coverage.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Baking soda can calm down rashes and chicken pox. Adding about ¼ to ½ cup per quart of cool water, or half a box in the bathtub. You can soak in it or apply it with compresses, but be aware that it may be drying to the skin. These treatments or a paste made from baking soda and water are also effective for insects bites and bee stings.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

If your mother gave you ginger ale for an upset (queasy) stomach, she was onto something. Ginger has a calming effect on the stomach –a fact verified by a study finding that ginger capsules helped counteract the effects of motion sickness. Most of the grocery store varieties of ginger ale and ginger snaps (cookies) are very light on real ginger, but they may have enough to settle slight queasiness. For a more powerful punch, though, you can boil a few slices of ginger root in about 2 cups of water to make yourself a batch of ginger tea. ( Ginger tea is also available at some health food stores.)

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________



Garlic is proved fights colds and flu. The trade-off here is obvious –the unwelcome scented aftereffects- but studies have confirmed that some of the garlic’s chemical constituents can kill disease-causing germs. Add two to three cloves per serving to whatever you’re making or, for maximum healing power, make this special soup: Toss garlic (again, two to three cloves per serving) and a bit of ginger into potful of vegetables soup that is heavy on ingredients loaded with vitamins A and C (e.g. , carrots, broccoli, spinach, tomatoes, red and green peppers). The latest studies have named vitamins A and C as two of the most effective nutritional infection fighters and the soup’s steam helps clear congestion, covering all approaches on the cold front.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

The treatments here are more than just folklore –all of them come from doctors with decades of experience. And all are likely to be in your house already. So the next time you or you’re kids are hit with an everyday illness or injury, you might be able to avoid a trip to the doctor’s office by simply pulling something out of the refrigerator, the kitchen cabinet or even the spice rack. But keep in mind that, just like prescription medicines, treatments involving natural substances can cause side effects. If you experience any unusual reaction to the therapy, discontinue it immediately
      (Adapted from Kirn and Hartman, in Interaction 2 Reading. 2002)

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Getting The Ideas. Write T on the lines before the statements that are true, according to the reading. Write F on the lines before the statements that are false. Write I before the statements that are impossible to know from reading.

1. _____ we don’t have to go to a doctor for any health problems
2. _____ Patients are willing to try the home remedies because today’s soaring medical costs and shrinking insurance coverage.
3. _____ Treatment involving natural substances -unlike medicines- can cause side effects
4. _____  Baking soda may be drying to the skin
5. _____ For bee stings we can soak in the ginger ale
6. _____ more than two glass of ginger all will have the best result
7. _____ Garlic have unwelcome scented aftereffect
8. _____ Drink a potful of vegetable soup will help clear congestion
9. _____ the ginger snacks are very light on real ginger, but it is enough to settle slight queasiness
10. _____ if we find out the side effects of the treatment we should discontinue it immediately


Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “Home Remedies even Doctors use” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear.
1. Become smaller (1)___________
2. Put something (or yourself) in water or liquid (2) _______________
3. Motion sickness; a stomach problem (two words) (3) _________ and _________
4. Effects (usually unpleasant)that follow another action (4)______________
5. Bacteria (4) ___________
6. Written instruction for a medicine (5) _____________
7. Substance used for flavoring food (5)____________
8. Something (caused by a medicine) that is in addition to the purpose (5) _________

Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the text mainly about?
2. Please identify which are thesis, argument, and recommendation?
3. Why the writer offers such recommendation?
4. What can we do to have a more powerful ginger punch?
5. Why vegetables loaded with vitamin A and C are essential?
6. What the people can do to help themselves clearing congestion?
7. What do the studies confirm about the effect of garlic?
8. What does the result of overusing antibiotics?


















CHAPTER v
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

THE SACRED MOUNT AGUNG


This sacred mountain is to the Balinese what Olympus was to the ancient Greeks-the Cosmic Mountain. The Balinese, who consider this volcano "the Navel of the World," always sleep with their heads toward Agung. The mystical Balinese believe the mountain was raised by the gods as vantage point to view the unceasing pageant of life below. To them, it is a central, heavenly point of reference, the geographical and religious center of the world. With an elevation of 3,014 meters, the foot of the mountain stretches northeast right to the sea. To the southeast its slope is blocked by a line of small extinct volcanoes; to the northwest Agung is separated from Gunung Batur by a narrow valley.
The gods rest above the mountain summit, and when they come down to visit the island they reside in Bali's holiest temple complex, Besakih, six km below the crater. When the gods are displeased, Agung showers the land with stone and ruin. Its feathery heights are the source of life-giving rivers and volcanic ash, which irrigate and enrich the island's rice fields. The lower portions of the mountain are heavily forested, and farmed up to about 1,000 meters.
A major eruption in 1350 so fertilized the land around Besakih that year after year it has yielded enough rice to not only supply the needs of the complex but also defray the costs of the unending ceremonies staged in the mountain's honor. Agung's most recent eruption occurred in the closing years of the turbulent Sukarno regime, in 1963. The cataclysm began during the greatest of Balinese ceremonies, Eka Dasa Rudra, an exorcism of evil staged only once every 100 years. Except for minor activity in 1808 and 1843, this was the first time the sacred volcano had blown since 1350.
Few scars remain today. Until well into the 1970s the countryside northeast of Klungkung was blackened by lava streams, but the region is now replanted with fields and gardens. Remnants of the massive eruption are still visible in the Tianyar and Kubu areas on the northeast coast, the least populated region of Karangasem. Agung remains semi-active, and volcanologists in Rendang and Batulompeh continue to keep a wary eye on it.
  Adapted from “Mount Agung” (www.Balivision.com)
B. Vocabulary








C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.

1. What is the meaning of “the Navel of the World"?
2. How high is Mount Agung?
3. Where do the gods rest?
4. When did mount Agung erupt?
5. Where can we find the remnants of the eruption?
D. Grammar Points
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past continuous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dipergunakan dalam kalimat dengan tujuan untuk menyatakan sebuah kejadian yang, terjadi, disaat kejadian lain terjadi pada waktu lampau sebelum waktu berbicara. Selain itu juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatkan kejadian yang terjadi di waktu tertentu di masa lampau


Perubahan To be Present menjadi To be Past
Name Pronouns/ Kata Ganti Orang To be PAST
Andi I                    (saya) Was
John You              (kamu) Were
John and Andy They             (mereka) Were
John and I We                (kita/kami) Were
Marry Alice She                (perempuan) Was
John Cossack He                 (laki-laki) Was
The Dog It                  (benda/hewan) Was

Varian Rumus
( + ) = S + To be (was/were) + Verb ing
( - )  = S + To be (was/were) + not + Verb ing
( ? ) = To be (was/were) + S + Verb ing ?
Contoh Kalimat
( + ) = She was crying
( - )  = She was not crying
( ? ) = Was she crying?
Salam menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi saat kejadian lain berlangsung maka Past continuous tense berpasangan dengan Simple past tense. Misalnya
1. I was cooking, when he came
2. I came to his place when he was studying

EXERCISES
A. Put the correct form of be and change these sentences into Past continuous Tense
Model : I eat the cake
 I am eating the cake now
1. I take the car to school
2. I wake up at six o’clock
3. I listen to the radio
4. I talk to  marry
5. I have my classes
6. I do my homework
7. I go to the zoo
8. I leave the castle
9. I get back to the campus
10. I visit my grandfather

B. Ask questions about the following activities, one student will ask, while the other will answer, do mind the correct form of be
Model: A: What are you doing now? (Sleeping)
B: I am sleeping now
1. Watching TV 5. Eating sandwich
2. Speaking English 6. Looking at the teacher
3. Sitting down 7. Sleeping now
4. Smoking a cigarette 8. Reading a book

C. Ask questions based on the following answers, use Past Continuous Tense
Model: A: I am studying something (what)
B: What are you studying?
1. I am reading something (what).
2. I am talking to someone (who)
3. I am going somewhere (where)
4. I am leaving soon (when)
5. I am working this afternoon (when)
6. Bob is wearing this afternoon (when)
7. She is carrying something (what)
8. He is coming tonight (when)
9. He is watching TV (what)
10. They are fishing (what).


D. Change the following sentences into English
Model: saya sedang makan
            I am eating
1. saya sedang menonton televisi, saat ia datang
2. saya sedang mengendarai sebuah mobil, saat adik saya menelepon
3. Marry sedang menulis buku harian, saat aku datang
4. kucing itu sedang mencuri seekor ikan, ketika ibu masuk ke dapur
5. anjing besar itu sedang menggonggong, ketika seorang pencuri membuka pintu
E. Additional Exercises

Read: As you read the following selection, think about the answer to this question: what can we learn about a culture from its educational system?
Read the selection quickly. Do not use a dictionary. Then do the exercise that follows the reading

Education: A Reflection of Society

Visit schools anywhere in the world, and you will probably notice a number of similarities. There are students, teachers, books, blackboards, and exams everywhere. However, a school system in one country is not identical to the system of any other country. It cannot be exactly the same because each culture is different. The educational system is a mirror that reflects the culture. Look at the school system, and you will see the social structure and the values of its culture. The following country such as; Kenya, Japan, Britain and United States will show you a more clear examples that the educational system may reflect the culture.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Kenya, a developing country on the east coast of Africa, has economy based on agriculture and tourism. Visitors might be surprised to learn that about 90% of all students who finish primary school –elementary school- don’t continue on to secondary school. One reason is economic. Education in Kenya is free only through primary school. The other reason is social. Some rural tribes (such as the Maasai) don’t want their children to have a formal education because they don’t see its relevance –its connection to real life
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

In contrast, Japanese value education highly. They place such importance on it that 88 percent of all students complete bot only primary school but also high school. Public school are all both fee and egalitarian; all students are considered equal and learn the same material. For social reason it is important for a student to receive a university degree –and a degree from “the right university”. To reach this goal, students have to go through “examination hell”. There are difficult exams for entrance to all universities. Result of these exams affect the entire family because there is high status, or social position , for the whole family when the children have high test scores.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

In the United Kingdom (Britain), the educational system reflects the class system. All state schools –primary, secondary, and university- are free. However, 6 percent of British secondary school students attend expensive private schools. These are students for upper-class families. Half of the students at Oxford and Cambridge universities come from such expensive secondary school. Although all universities are free, only 1 percent of the lower class goes to university.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Education in United States is more democratic than in many countries, but it also has a serious problem. Public primary and secondary schools are free, and almost 80 percent of all Americans are high school graduates. Higher education is not free, but it is available to almost to anyone, and about 60 percent of all high schools graduates attend college or university. However, there are also problems in U.S. schools. In many secondary schools, there are problems with lack of discipline and with drugs and crime. In addition, public schools receive their money from local taxes, so schools in poor areas are often not in good condition. Clearly, U.S. education reflects both the best and the worst of the society.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

It is clear that each educational system is a reflection of the larger culture. Its economy, values, social structure, and problems.
      (Adapted from Kirn and Hartman, in Interaction 2 Reading. 2002)


Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Understanding the Main Idea. Write T on the lines before the statements that are true, according to the reading. Write F on the lines before the statements that are false.
1. _____ In Kenya, many students don’t go to secondary schools because they need to work or because their society doesn’t see the need for it
2. _____ In Japan, it’s necessary to be rich to go to good schools
3. _____ In Britain, social class seems to be very important
4. _____ In the united States, it’s important for students to pass a difficult exams for entrance to universities because it’s affect the social position of the family.

Understanding Reading structure. Paragraphs divide reading material into topics (thesis, arguments, and conclusion). One paragraph is usually about one topic. Match the paragraph where you can find the following topics
1. _____ Conclusion: Education as a reflection of Society
2. _____ A country that places a lot of importance on education and makes students take difficult examination
3. _____ A country that offers education to everyone but also has a problem in its school
4. _____ A country where most people can’t –or don’t want to- attend college or university
5. _____ A country where social class is very important
6. _____ Introduction: Education as a mirror of a culture

Recognizing The Main Idea. A reading passage may include many ideas, but there is only one main idea. Circle the main idea of the reading selection above. All of these statements are true, but only one is main idea

1. Public education in primary school is free for students in Kenya, Japan, and the United States
2. There are important national exams in Japan and the United Kingdom
3. The educational system of each country can show us a lot about the culture of that country
4. U.S. education reflects both the best and the worst of the society
5. There is relation between education and status in both Britain and Japan.

Discussing the Reading. Please answer the question below according to the information in the text.
1. What is stated mainly in the thesis?
2. How many arguments o you find in the text?
3. What country has the most students do not continue their study to secondary schools?
4. What countries have a relation between their educational system and social status.
5. What is the problems face by U.S education?
6. What country is stated the most democratic? And why so?






































CHAPTER vI
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

Balinese Marriage
Many Balinese marriages are still prearranged or negotiated, though young men may also "kidnap" their wives, and mixed-caste marriages are increasingly common. Marriage customs differ from caste to caste and village to village, but all Balinese marriage practices share fundamental similarities. There are basically two ways to get married on Bali, 'ngerorod' and 'mapadik'.
Ngerorod
This is marriage by elopement, in which the prearranged honeymoon precedes the wedding ceremony. Since it's otherwise quite expensive to marry on Bali, 'ngerorod' is becoming more and more popular. It has particular appeal to the Balinese sense of theater. Balinese love a spectacular kidnapping in which friends of the suitor capture a woman in the fields, on the road, or down by the river. Theatrics are paramount: she is expected to bite and kick her abductors in mock self-defense. These days it's more stylish and fashionable for the woman to be whisked away in a hired sedan, and more often than not she goes willingly. The couple then repairs to a friend's house stocked with provisions, offerings, and the bride's wardrobe. The woman's infuriated father sounds the alarm demanding to know what has become of his daughter. A search party is organized which eventually returns unsuccessful and exhausted.
Mapadik
This is marriage by consent, in which an upper-class couple conducts a formal courtship. Since daughters were once regarded as property useful for attaining a family's social and political goals, high-caste families tried to wed a son to the daughter of a friend or relative so a blood bond would unite the resources of both families.
Under no circumstances may a woman "marry down," i.e., take a commoner. The preferred marriage is through a parallel patri-cousin, the father's brother's daughter. It has been noted that Triwangsa couples often get along so well because they are all first cousins.
Traditionally, the man or his father journeys three times to the bride's house with food and 'sirih'. When the bride's family visits, the groom's father is obliged to give them food, 'sirih' is chewed (an ancient, ritualistic means of coming to agreement), and presents are exchanged. The groom then regularly visits the home of his prospective bride, presenting gifts and performing services for his future father-in-law.
  Adapted from “Balinese Marriage” (www.Balivision.com)

B. Vocabulary








C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.

1. Explain about mixed caste marriage.
2. Explain about Ngerorod
3. Explain about Mapadik
4. How many times does the groom must visit the future father in law?

D. Grammar Points

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Continous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dipergunakan dalam kalimat dengan tujuan untuk menyatakan sebuah kejadian yang sedang terjadi, pada  waktu setelah berbicara,atau di masa depan.



Varian Rumus
( + ) = S + Shall/Will+ be + Verb I+ ing
( - )  = S + Shall/Will not + be + Verb I+ ing
( ? ) = Shall/Will + S + be + Verb I+ ing ?
Contoh Kalimat
( + ) = She will be singing tomorrow
( - )  = She will not be singing tomorrow
( ? ) = will she be singing tomorrow?

EXERCISES
A. Put the correct form of be and the adverb of time then change these sentences   into Future continuous
Model : I eat the cake
 I am eating the cake now
1. I take the car to school
2. I wake up at six o’clock
3. I listen to the radio
4. I talk to  marry
5. I have my classes
6. I do my homework
7. I go to the zoo
8. I leave the castle
9. I get back to the campus
10. I visit my grandfather

B. Ask questions about the following activities, one student will ask, while the other will answer
Model: A: What will you be doing tomorrow? (sleeping)
B: I will be sleeping tomorrow
1. Watching TV 5. Eating sandwich
2. Speaking English 6. Looking at the teacher
3. Sitting down 7. Sleeping now
4. Smoking a cigarette 8. Reading a book

C. Ask questions based on the following answers
Model: A: I am studying something (what)
B: What are you studying?
1. I am reading something (what).
2. I am talking to someone (who)
3. I am going somewhere (where)
4. I am leaving soon (when)
5. I am working this afternoon (when)
6. Bob is wearing this afternoon (when)
7. She is carrying something (what)
8. He is coming tonight (when)
9. He is watching TV (what)
10. They are fishing (what).

D. Change the following sentences into English
Model: saya sedang makan
            I am eating
1. saya akan sedang menonton televisi besok sore
2. saya akan sedang mengendarai sebuah mobil besok sore
3. Marry akan sedang menulis buku harian besok siang
4. kucing itu akan sedang mencuri seekor ikan di dapur besok malam
5. anjing besar itu akan sedang menggonggong besok pagi

E. Additional Exercises

Read. Please read the following reading selection and try to comprehend it without dictionary

Sick-Building Syndrome
People have worried about smog for many years, and the government has spent billion of dollars to try to clean up the air of big cities. But now we find that there is no escape from unhealthful air. Recent studies have shown that air inside many homes, office building, and schools are full of pollutant: chemicals, mold, bacteria, smoke and gases. These pollutants are causing a
group of unpleasant and dangerous symptoms that experts call “sick building syndrome” in other words, a building that creates its own indoor air pollution. First discovered in 1982, sick-building syndrome most often includes symptoms similar to the flu (watering eyes, headache, and so on) and respiratory infection such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Although most common in office building and schools, the indoors pollution that causes sick building syndrome can also occur in houses. Imagine a typical home. The people who live there burn oil, wood or gas for cooking and heating. In some house, carbon monoxide from cars in the garage can enter the house. They might smokes cigarettes, pipes or cigar. They use chemical for cleaning. These products give off chemicals that we can’t see but that we do breathe in. The people in the house are breathe in a “chemical soup”

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

In office building and school where people don’t smoke or burn oil, wood or gas, still this syndrome occurs. Experts have discovered several sources of sick-building syndrome –among them mold, bacteria, synthetic product, and lack of ventilation – a system of moving fresh air . In many building, rain has leaked in and caused water damage to walls and carpets. This allows mold and bacteria to grow. Synthetic (that is, unnatural) products such as paint, carpeting, furniture may release toxic (poisonous) chemicals into the air. Perhaps the most common cause of sick building syndrome, however, is lack of ventilation.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

There are several solution to the problem of sick-building syndrome. First, cleansing the building-take out carpets, wallpapers, and ceiling tiles in order to remove mold and bacteria, cleaning out the air conditioning system, and rebuild the system of ventilation. All of this sounds difficult and expensive. But there is another possible solution that is, houseplant.  It is found that the chemical interaction among soil, roots, and leaves works to remove pollutants. When you feel that your house full of pollutant, which causes your family to have respiratory infection, having houseplant, might be a good solution.
      (Adapted from Kirn and Hartman, in Interaction 2 Reading. 2002)

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Getting The Ideas. Write T on the lines before the statements that are true, according to the reading. Write F on the lines before the statements that are false.
1. _______ Pollutants in the building make a dangerous symptom, that is, sick-building syndrome
2. _______ In the building where the people don’t smoke and burn anything sick-building syndrome will not appear
3. _______ The scientist discovered that mold and bacteria can not live in the clean office building
4. _______ There is several solution, but the most cheapest is cleansing up the building
5. _______ It is discovered that houseplant actually removes pollutants
6. _______ The symptomps caused by sick-building syndrome include flu, respiratory infection, headache, and stomachache
7. _______ synthetic products may release toxic chemicals
8. _______People can’t see some chemicals but they do breathe in which is not dangerous at all
Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “Sick-Building Syndrome” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear.

1. _____________ not healthy or harmful to health (1)
2. ______________set of symptoms which are a sign of an illness (1)
3. ______________ send out something (2)
4. ______________ a system of moving fresh air (3)
5. _______________unnatural (3)
6. _______________ shortage (3)
7. ________________ have an effect on each other (4)
Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the text about?
2. What is sick-building syndrome?
3. How sick-building syndrome may appear in the house?
4. How it may appear in the office?
5. How many solutions offer in the text?
6. Can you explain what the people do to cleansing up the building?
7. How houseplant can remove pollutants in the house?
8. What are the symptoms caused by sick-building syndrome?
9. What is the recommendation offered by the writer?
10. What makes mold and Bacteria grow in the office?



























CHAPTER vII
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.
Galungan and Kuningan
Every six months the Balinese Hindus celebrate the great day of Galungan when the ancestor spirits come down to the earth to dwell again in the homes of their descendants. The spirits are entertained and welcomed with prayers and offerings.
'Penjors', long bamboo poles are erected together with a little bamboo altar from which hung a 'lamak', one of those beautiful mosaics on long strips of palm leaf on all the roads and the gate of every home.
Commerce practically ceases during the Galungan days. Schools are closed, and the normal life of the village concentrates exclusively upon the events surrounding this very sacred period. On the Sunday before Galungan, called Panyekeban, green bananas are sealed in huge clay pots. Lots of bananas are required for Galungan offerings, and this treatment will ripen them quickly. The next day, called Penyajaan, is devoted to make many colored cakes of rice dough (jaja) that are used for offerings. The markets are full of 'jaja' in many kinds, so the busy housewife can buy them. On the day before Galungan or Penampahan, pigs, chicken, ducks or even cows are slaughtered for the traditional Galungan day feasts. Featured at these feasts is the traditional 'lawar', a spicy mixed vegetable with finely ground meat and dozen of spices.
Galungan day is a time for prayers, the kids wear new clothes and the whole of Bali went out for a great praying at 'puras' or 'merajans'. The women dress in beautiful 'kebayas' and 'kambens' (two or one half meters long, but slightly narrower than sarongs). A woman always wraps her body with 'kamben' tightly, so it will performs a graceful figure. Some women make some pleats on their front side of 'kambens' and hold it with a flat hairpin alike. The men wear white clothes and 'destar' (scarf that tied on the head). They also wearing 'kambens', but wrapped in the different way with the women. When a man wraps the 'kamben' he ends up with a plaited fold that drapes down in front.
The day after Galungan is a time for visiting friends and relatives; the roads are jammed with cars and motorcycles. Then, ten days after Galungan, comes Kuningan day that marks the end of the Galungan celebration. There are still more offerings, as the ancestor spirits return to heaven. On Kuningan the women (housewives) usually make 'nasi kuning' or yellow cooked rice made of rice, spices and coconut milk. It tastes delicious especially if served with 'lawar'. Actually, the yellow cooked rice symbolizes the welfare of people for the sake of God blesses, as the ripe rice color is yellow.
  Adapted from “Balinese Religion” (www.Balivision.com)
B. Vocabulary







C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.
1. How many times do balinese celebrate galuangan and kuningan every year?
2. Explain about penjor.
3. Why do commerce ceases during galungan?
4. What do balinese do on Galungan day?
5. What do balinese do on manis galungan?
6. Explain about kuningan.
D. Grammar Points


PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang dipergunakan dalam kalimat dengan tujuan untuk menyatakan sebuah kejadian yang berawal, terjadi, dan berakhir pada waktu lampau sebelum waktu berbicara dengan waktu yang tidak jelas disebutkan. Juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan pengulangan aktivitas sebelum waktu berbicara




Perubahan Have dan Has
Name Pronouns/ Kata Ganti Orang Have/has
Yourself I                    (saya) Have
John You              (kamu) Have
John and Andy They             (mereka) Have
John and I We                (kita/kami) Have
Marry Alice She                (perempuan) Has
John Cossack He                 (laki-laki) Has
The Dog It                  (benda/hewan) Has











Verbal Pattern
( + ) = S + Have / Has + V¬¬3 + O + Complement
( - )  = S + Have / Has not + V¬¬3 + O + Complement
( ? ) = Have / Has + S + V¬¬3 + O + Complement?
Nominan Pattern
( + ) = S + Have / Has been + O + Complement
( - )  = S + Have / Has not been + O + Complement
( ? ) = Have / Has + S + been + O + Complement?

Contoh Kalimat
( + ) = She has killed the man
( - )  = She has not kill the man
( ? ) = has she killed the man?

EXERCISES
A. The following people have just completed an action; rewrite their action using Present Perfect Tense
1. Bob / visit / his grandma
2. Jimmy / play / on the computer
3. Sue and Walter / wash / their car
4. Andrew / repair / his bike
5. Phil / help / Anne with math
6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film
7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend
8. Bridgette / draw / a picture
9. Carol / read / a computer magazine
10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant
B. Write negative sentences in Present Perfect Tense.
The weather was wonderful today. So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores:
1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes
2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen
3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants
4. Joey / not / make his bed
5. David / not / buy milk
6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's
7. Aaron and Jack / not / do their homework
8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms
9. Alex / not / feed the hamster
10. Hazel / not / empty the bin
C. Put the verbs into the correct form (Present Perfect Tense).
1. I (not / work) today.
2. We (buy) a new lamp.
3. We (not / plan) ur holiday yet.
4. Where (be / you)?
5. He (write) five letters.
6. She (not / see) him for a long time.
7. (be / you) at school?
8. School (not / start ) yet.
9. (speak / he) to his boss?
10. No, he (have / not) the time yet.


E. Additional Exercises

Read. Please read the following reading selection and try to comprehend it without dictionary

The Global Crime Wave
Crime is increasing worldwide, and there is every reason to believe the trend will continue through the 1990s and into the early years of the twenty-first century. What is driving this crime explosion? There are no simple answers. Still there are certain conditions associated with rising crime: increasing heterogeneity because of higher immigration that also makes cultural pluralism even greater.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


These conditions are increasingly observable around the world. For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogeneous , such as Japan, Denmark, China, and Greece are now facing the sort of cultural variety that has been common in the United States for most of its history.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience, but it also can lead to a clash of values. Heterogeneity in societies will be the rule in the twenty-first century, and failure to recognize and plan for such diversity can lead to serious crime problems.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

The connection between crime and culture cannot be overemphasized: there are high-crime and low-crime cultures around the world. In the years ahead, many low-crime cultures may become high-crime cultures because of changing world population and politic-economic system. In general, heterogeneous population in which people have lots of economics choice (capitalism) are prime candidates of crime. Why? The very nature crime is culturally defined. What is legal and desirable in one culture may be viewed as a serious crime in another.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________


In addition, some cultures have a tradition of discipline –a belief that laws ought to be obeyed. In cultures where individualism is strong, and belief and respect for law is low, laws are often broken. Usually these are heterogeneous cultures, where citizens disagree about the laws and are poorly socialized to obey them.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

A culture in which the citizen are very similar –sharing similar ethnicity, religious belief, income levels and values, such as Denmark –is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes and desires of a large majority of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse background. For this reason, homogeneous cultures normally have a lower lever of law violation than heterogeneous cultures.

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Getting the Ideas. Write HtC before the statements about the things appear in Heterogeneous Cultures. Write HmC before the statement about the things appear in Homogenous Cultures
1. _______ People have lots of economic choice
2. _______ There is a lower level of law violation
3. _______ Citizen come from diverse background
4. _______ People tend to obey the rule
5. _______ Where laws are often broken
6. _______ sharing similar ethnicity, religious belief, level of income, and values
7. _______ Culture which is a prime candidates for crime
8. _______ There is a multiculturalism that may lead to a clash of values
9. _______ Citizen come from the same background
10. ______ Serious problem crime may easily appear because of failure recognize and plan for the diversity
Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “The Global Crime Wave” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear.

1. Happening all over the world (1) _________________
2. Great and sudden increase (1) _______________
3. Can be observe (2) _____________________
4. Be opposed to one another; not match (3)______________
5. Relationship (4) ______________________
6. Made up of different kinds (4) _____________
7. A belief that laws ought to be obeyed (5) _________________
8. Disobey (5) ___________________
9. Greater number; most (6) __________
10. Person who has full right as a member of a country (6) ____________
Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the text about?
2. What makes the crime explosion?
3. How is the law in the heterogeneous culture?
4. How is the law in the homogeneous culture?
5. Why heterogeneous population in which people have lots of economics choice (capitalism) are prime candidates of crime?
6. Can you explain the connection between crime and culture?


















CHAPTER vIII
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

NYEPI
Every religion or culture all over the world has their own way to define and celebrate their new year. For example, the Chinese have the Imlek year and to celebrate it, have, as they called it in their own language, "Gong Xi Fat Choy". The Moslem societies have their Muharam year, and any of the people over the world using the Gregorian calendar, celebrate the New Year on January 1st.
The same thing also occurs in Bali, however the Balinese use many different calendar systems. They have adopted the Gregorian calendar for business and government purposes. But for the endless procession of holy days, temple anniversaries, celebrations, sacred dances, building houses, wedding ceremonies, death and cremation processes and other activities that define Balinese life, they have two calendar systems. The first is the Pawukon (from the word Wuku which means week) and Sasih (which is means month). Wuku consists of 30 items starting from Sinta, the first Wuku and end up with the Watugunung the last one. The Pawukon, a 210-day ritual calendar brought over from Java in the 14th century, is a complex cycle of numerological conjunctions that provides the basic schedule for ritual activities on Bali. Sasih, a parallel system of Indian origin, is a twelve month lunar calendar which is equally important in determining when to pay respect to the Gods.
Westerners open the New Year in revelry, however, in contrast, the Balinese open their New Year in silence. This is called Nyepi Day, the Balinese day of Silence, and opens a new year of the Saka Hindu era which began in 78 A.D.
Nyepi is a day to make and keep the balance of nature. It is based on the story of when King Kaniska I of India was chosen in 78 A.D. The King was famous for his wisdom and tolerance for the Hinduism and Buddhism societies. In that age, Aji Saka did Dharma Yatra (the missionary tour to promote and spread Hinduism) to Indonesia and introduce the Saka year.
  Adapted from “Bali’s Day of Silence” (www.indo.com)


B. Vocabulary












C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.
1. When does Gregorian calendar celebrate New Year?
2. When do balinese celebrate their New Year?
3. How many calendar sytem do baline use/
4. How do balinese celebrate their new Year
5. When does the Saka Year begin?
D. Grammar Points

Past Perfect tense
Past Perfect tense adalah bentu waktu yang digunakan dalam mengungkapkan sesuatu yang telah selesai terjadi atau dilakukan sebelum kejadian kedua terjadi atau dilakukan. Untuk menjelaskan kejadian kedua digunakan Simple past.




A. Kalimat Nominal
Kalimat Positif : S + Had+ Been
Kalimat Negatif : S + Had + Not + Been
Kalimat tanya : Had + S + Been + …?
Contoh Kalimat
+ : She had been here for two hours
- : she had not been here for two hours
? : had she been here for two hours?

B. Kalimat Verbal
Kalimat Positif : S + Had+ V III
Kalimat Negatif : S + Had + Not + V III
Kalimat tanya : Had + S + V III + …?
Contoh Kalimat
+ : She had killed him
- : she had not killed him
? : had she killed him?
EXERCISES
A. Write the verbs in Past Perfect Tense.
1. The pupils talked about the film they (watch)
2. I was late for work because I (miss) the bus.
3. We lived in the house that my father (build)
4. We admired the picture that Lucy (paint)
5. They watered the trees that they (plant)
6. The teacher corrected the tests that the pupils (write)
7. I received a good mark in my test because I (practice) hard.
8. The mail order house did not send me the shirt that I (order)
9. I had to clean the floor because my cats (knock) over the flower pots.
10. My friend was in hospital because she (slip) on a banana skin.
B. Write the verbs in Past Perfect Tense. Use the negative form.
1. In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I (see / not) for ages.
2. The thief could walk right into the house because you (lock / not) the door.
3. We lost the match because we (practice / not) the days before.
4. At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he (do / not).
5. We ate at a restaurant last night because I (buy / not) anything for dinner.
6. When we came back, it was cold in the house because Alice (close / not) the windows.
7. All day long, Phil was angry with me just because I (greet / not) him first.
8. When I met Jane at eleven o’clock, she (have / not) breakfast yet.
9. I couldn’t go to the cinema with my friends last night because I (finish / not) my homework yet
10. Fred answered my question although I (ask / not) him.

C. Put the verbs into the correct form (Past Perfect Tense).
1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build).
2. He (not / be) to Cape Town before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she (do / already) her homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make).
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) six weeks before.
6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order).
7. I could not remember the poem we (learn) the week before.
8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) from the tree.
9. (he / phone) Angie before he went to see her in London?
10. She (not / ride) a horse before that day.
E. Additional Exercises

Read. Please read the following reading selection and try to comprehend it without dictionary
The Art of Body
Wearing make up or having body-paint is not unusual anymore. People like to have their body tattooed, dye their hair, have suntan or even use many accessories on their face or body. However the way people view them to make a person more attractive is quite different. It is different because it has different meaning in every culture.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Two common types of body decoration in tribal societies are tattooing and scarification. A tattoo is design or mark made by putting a kind of dye (usually dark blue) into a cut in the skin. In scarification, dirt or ashes are put into the cuts instead of dye. In both of these cases, the result is a design that is unique to the person’s tribe. Three lines on each side of a man’s face identify him as member of the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria. A complex geometric design on a woman’s back identifies her as Nuba –and also make her more beautiful in the eyes of her people. In the 1990s, tattooing became increasingly popular among youth in Urban western societies. Unlike people in tribal cultures, these young people had no tradition of tattooing, except among sailors and criminals. To these young people, the tattoos were beautiful. But the tattoos were also a sign of rebellion against older, more conservative people in the culture and a form of identification with other youth similarly tattooed.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

People interest in skin and hair colour in different way. In many parts of the world, people lie in the sun for hours to darken their skin, while in other places light, soft skin is seen as attractive. People with gray hair often dye it black, whereas those with naturally dark hair often change its colour to blond or green or purple

Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

In the West, most people visit dentist regularly for both hygiene and beauty. They use toothpaste and dental floss daily to keep their teeth clean. However, “attractive” has quite a different meaning in other cultures. In the past, in Japan, it was custom for women to blacken, not whiten, the teeth.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Among the Makolo people of Malawi, the women wear a very large ring –a palele- in their upper lips. They believe that a woman that doesn’t wear palele is not a woman at all. While some people in modern urban societies think of tribal lips ring as unattractive and even “disgusting.” Other people –in Tokyo or New York or Rome- might choose to wear a small lip ring or to pierce their tongue and wear a ring through the hole .
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Body paint or face paint is used mostly by men in preliterate societies in order to attract good health or to ward off disease. It is a form of magic protection against the dangers of the world outside the village, where men have to go for the hunt or for war. When it is used as warpaint, it also serves to frighten the enemy, distinguish members of one’s own group from the enemy, and give the men a sense of identity, of belonging to the group. Women have less need of body or face paint because they usually stay in the safety of the village. In modern societies, though, cosmetics are used mostly by women, who often feel naked, unclothed, without makeup when out in public –like a tribal hunter without his warpaint.
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

It is clear, then, that the way people view the art of body is different according to their culture and belief. The way people in one culture belief on things is might be opposed by other culture
Main Idea : ________________________________________________
Supporting details: __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Getting The Ideas. Write T on the lines before the statements that are true, according to the reading. Write F on the lines before the statements that are false.

1. ______ In Japan,  it was custom for women to blacken, not whiten, the teeth.
2. _____ The youth, in 1990s, had tradition of tattooing.
3. ______ Scarification used dye instead of ashes
4. ______ Tattoos is a sign of rebellion against older
5. ______ Among sailors and criminals having tattoo is a tradition
6. ______ People lie in the sun o have light soft skin
7. ______ People in modern urban societies think of tribal lips ring as unattractive
8. _____ Men wear warpaint only when they have war
9. _____ Body paint or face paint is a form of magic protection for men in preliterate societies
Getting Meaning From Context. On the lines write the words and expression from the reading selection “The Art of The Body” that fit these definitions. The number in a parentheses refer to the paragraph where the words appear.

1. strange (1) _____________
2. mark made by putting a kind of dye (2) ______________
3. The state of opposing authority (2) ________________
4. Proof of who a person is (2)__________________
5. Become blacker (4) __________
6. Strong dislike (5) ______________
7. Era before people able to read and write (6) ______________
8. Wear nothing (6) _____________

Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. How do people view palele?
3. Why did the preliterate women less need of body paint?
4. What did women in Japan do?
5. What is the difference between the preliterate women and modern women?
6. What do people in Tokyo or NY prefer to have in their lips?
7. Why do most people in the west visit dentist regularly?
8. What did a tattoo means for the youth in 1990s?
9. What are the body decoration known by tribal societies?
10. What are their difference?




CHAPTER IX
1. Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following passage carefully.

SARASWATI

Knowledge is very important for Balinese. Every Saniscara, Umanis, Wuku Watugunung, they celebrate Saraswati Day, the knowledge day. It is based on the Pawukon (Balinese calendar) system and the Saniscara (seven day cycle).
The name Saraswati came from "Saras" meaning flow and "wati" meaning a women. So, Saraswati is symbol of knowledge, its flow (or growth) is like a river and knowledge is very interesting, like a beautiful women.
Saraswati is the Goddess of Knowledge, symbolized by a beautiful woman with four hands, riding on a white swan among water lilies to tell humanity that science is like a beautiful woman. Her hands hold a palm leaf; a lontar, (a Balinese traditional book which is the source of science or knowledge); a chain (genitri with 108 pieces) symbolising that knowledge is never ending and has an everlasting life cycle; and a musical instrument (guitar or wina) symbolising that science develops through the growth of culture. The swans symbolise prudence, so that one's knowledge may distinguish between good and evil and the water lilies (Lotus) are symbols of holiness. The Lotus is the holiest flower for Balinese.
In the afternoon of Saraswati day we are not permitted to read or write the book because all the books are offered. In the evening, called Malam Sastra, people read books (especially religious books) in their houses or in the temple.
• Pangredanan (the day before Saraswati)

This is the day of preparation. All the books and lontar are collected together, cleaned and dusted.
• Saraswati Day
Saraswati day itself is celebrated by the Balinese people bringing offerings to their holy books and scrolls in their houses, while students celebrate it at school, usually in the morning, and the office-workers in their office. The philosophy of Saraswati day is that the most important thing for human life is knowledge.
• Banyu Pinaruh
The day after Saraswati Day is Banyu Pinaruh day. "Banyu" means water and "Pinaruh" mean wisdom. In other words, we must have wisdom which always flows like water and which is useful for human kind. We pray for Dewi Saraswati (manifestation of God) to give us cleverness and wisdom. The people usually take a bath in the sea or a lake or river and drink traditional medicine which is made from many various leaves which is very good for our health. The philosophy of Banyu Pinaruh day is the second most important thing for human life is good health.




B. Vocabulary








C. Based on the above passage, answer the following questions.

1. What do Balinese celebrate on Saraswati day?
2. Who do Balinese worship on Saraswati day?
3. What do Balinese do on Saraswati Day?
4. Explain about Banyu Pinaruh
5. What does Saraswati Day and Banyu Pinaruh Symbolize?

D. Grammar Points

Future Perfect tense
Future Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan dalam mengungkapkan sesuatu yang akan  selesai terjadi atau dilakukan sebelum kejadian kedua terjadi atau suatu waktu tertentu dimasa depan.






A. Kalimat Nominal
Kalimat Positif : S + Shall / Will + Have + Been
Kalimat Negatif : S + Shall / Will Not + Have + Been
Kalimat tanya : Shall / Will + S + Have + Been

Contoh Kalimat
+ : She Will Have Been Here, when we arrive tomorrow
- : She Will not Have Been Here, when we arrive tomorrow
? : Will She Have Been Here, when we arrive tomorrow?
B. Kalimat Verbal

Kalimat Positif : S + Shall/Will + Have + Verb III
Kalimat Negatif : S + Shall/Will not + Have + Verb III
Kalimat tanya : Shall/Will +  S +  Have + Verb III + … ?
Contoh Kalimat
+ : She will have told him, by Saturday
- : she will not have told him, by Saturday
? : will she have told him, by Saturday ?
Jika sebuah klausa waktu dimulai dengan frase by the time, maka klausa waktu tersebut menggunakan Simple Present Tense
Misal : She will have been here by the time I go out.
penanda waktu yang bisa digunakan adalah before, by the end of, by the time, after dan lain-lain.


A. Change the following sentences into present perfect according to the model.
Model: joy open the door
   joy will have opened the door by tomorrow
1. I open the window 6. I work hard
2. He wash the car 7. The study hard
3. You walk home 8. She invites her
4. I attend the class 9. Roy return home
5. He finish the homework 10. I call him
B. Change the following sentences into present perfect according to the model.
Model: The guest will arrive to the party at 11.30, the hostess will be ready at 12.
   The guest will have arrived, before the hostess is ready.
1. my sister will come home at eight, I will go out at seven
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. my car will arrive at noon, but I will take a bath in the morning
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. the lawyer will come at seven but the doorman will open the office at eight
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The president will arrive at four, while the assassin will come at two.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. the police will come in three minutes, but the robber will leave in one minute
…………………………………………………………………………………

C. Translate and create  good sentence using future perfect tense based on the following sentences
1. Johny akan sudah memperbaiki mobil itu sebelum pemiliknya datang
2. Rosa akan sudah datang dari klub malam sebelum ayahnya pulang bekerja
3. Roy akan sudah menceraikan istrinya sebelum akhir bulan ini
4. Marissa akan sudah menyelesaikan makalahnya sebelum makan malam
5. Para pegawai akan sudah menerima gaji mereka menjelang jam 12 hari ini
6. Dieter akan sudah meninggalkan jerman sebelum polisi menangkapnya.
7. Emily akan sudah lulus sebelum ia menikah dengan jack.
8. Kami akan sudah pergi sebelum restoran itu tutup.
9. Jane akan sudah berangkat ke paris pagi ini
10. Ronald akan sudah mandi pada saat aku menjemputnya

D. Make a list of things that you will have done before the age of 30
E. Additional Exercises

Read. The following paragraphs are about the language that parents use with their young children, ,what some people are calling “parentese.” Read these paragraphs quickly, without using a dictionary. After each paragraph circle the number of the sentence that best expresses the main idea
“Parentese”
Who talks more –men or women? Most people believe that women talk more. However, linguist Deborah Tannen, who has studies the communication style of men and women, says that this is a stereotype. According to Tannen, women are more verbal –talk more- in private situation, where they use conversation as the “glue” to hold relationship together. But, she syas, men talk more in public situation, where they use conversation to exchange information and gain status. Tannen points out that we can see these differences even in children. Little girls often play with one “best friend”; their play includes a lot of conversation. Little boys often play games in groups; their play usually involves more doing than talking. In school, girls are often better at verbal skills; boys are often better at mathematics.
The main idea is :
1. Women talk more than men
2. It’s stereotype that women talk more than men
3. Women talk more in private and men talk more in public
4. Little girls and little boys have different way of playing
5. Men and women have different style of talking, and which may begin in childhood

A recent study at Emory University helps to shed light on the roots of this difference. Researchers studied conversation between children age 3-6 and their parents. They found evidence that parents talk very differently to their sons than they do to their daughters. The startling conclusion was that parents use far more language with their girls. Specifically, when parents talk with their daughters, they use more descriptive language and more details. There is also far more talk about emotions, especially sadness, with daughters than with sons
The main idea is
1. A study at Emory University can help to explain the differences between boys’ and girls’ communication style
2. A researcher found that parents talk differently to their sons and parents
3. An Emory University study found that parents talk more with their daughters than with their sons

Most parents would be surprised to learn this. They certainly don’t plan to talk more with one child than with another. They don’t even realize that this is happening. So why do they do it? Interestingly, it begins when the children are newborn babies. It is a known fact that a birth, males are a little less developed that females are. They don’t vocalize –make noises- as much as girls do, and they don’t have as much eye contact. Females babies vocalize, look at their parents and remain alert longer. The result? Parents respond by talking more to the baby girls, who seem to be paying attention and “talking” back to them. Apparently, then, biology determines the amount of language that parents use
The main idea is:
1. Parents who talk more to their baby girls are responding to the fact that girls are a little more developed at birth.
2. Most parents don’t know that they talk more with their girls and would be surprised to learn this.
3. Baby girls make noises and have eye contact a little more than baby boys do.

The research with babies seems to suggest that nature – biology- causes the amount and quality of language use. However, a study from the university of California at Santa Cruz provide evidence that the situation or context also influences the conversation. For example, parents usually give stereotyped toys to their children. A boy gets a car that he can take apart and put back together, for instance. A girl gets a toy grocery store. A toy grocery store naturally involves more conversation. If we consider this, we might decide that nurture –environment and education- determines language ability because we choose which toys to give our children.
The main idea is:
1. The toys that parents give their son or daughter may influence the child’s language ability
2. From research with babies, we know that biology determines language use
3. Parents usually give stereotyped toys to their children
4. Different toys involve children in different amounts of conversation
5. Education and environment determines language ability

Researchers believe that the choice of toys is important because child need task oriented toys, such as take-apart cars. With these toys, they practice the language that they will need, as adults, in work situation. Both boys and girls also need “social, interactive” toys such as grocery store. With these toys, they practice the kind of conversation that is necessary in relationship with friends and family. From these, it is clear that environment can influence the children’s language ability. Therefore, it is suggested for parents to give a variety of toys for both their sons and daughters.
The main idea is:
1. Boys usually receive toys with which they practice language that they will use in work situation
2. Girls usually receive toys with which they practice language that is necessary in relationship
3. Parents can choose both their children’s toys and how to talk with their children
4. Biology influences language ability, but environment also does, so parents need to give both their boys and girls a variety of types of toys.

Getting The Ideas. Write B on the lines before the statements about something in relation to boys (men). Write G on the lines before the statements about something in relation to girls (women).

1. _______ There is a stereotype, which believe that they talk more
2. _______ They talk more in public
3. _______ They talk more in private situation
4. _______ Parents usually give them toy grocery store
5. _______ They remain alert longer to their parents
6. _______ They don’t vocalize much
7. _______ They do much eye contact
8. _______ They are little less developed at birth
9. _______ Parents use more descriptive language to talk to them
10. _______ They use conversation as the “glue” tp hold relationship together

Getting Meaning From Context. For each definition, find a word in the reading selection that has a similar meaning and write it on the line.
1. Connected with the use of spoken language (1) __________________
2. sticky liquid that joins things together (1) __________
3. feeling (2) ____________
4. understand and believe (3) _________________
5. make noises (3) ________________
6. it seems that (3) ____________
7. act in answer (3) ____________
8. biology (4) _____________
9. environment and education (4) ________________
10. proof; support a belief (4) ________________

Checking Your Understanding. Answer the following question based on the information you get from the reading selection

1. What is the text mainly about?
2. What does Tannen believe?
3. What does the result of the study at Emory University?
4. Why do parents talk more to their baby girls?
5. Is it the parent’s intention to talk differently to their children?
6. What do influence the child’s language ability?
7. Why the choice of toys is impotant?
8. What is suggested to the reader? Why so?












REFERENCES

Celce-Murcia. 2001. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language:3rd Edition. U.S.A: Heinle & Heinle
Diaz-Rico, L, T. 2004. Strategies for Teaching English Learners. USA. Pearson.
Harmer, Jeremy. 2000. How to Teach English. Malaysia. Longman
Hadley, Alice. 1993. Teaching Language in Context. U.S.A: Heinle & Heinle